العدالة في الإسلام - المبادئ القرآنية للإنصاف والمساواة

Please fact-check these claims about religious law and justice systems:

BIBLICAL LAW:
1. Does Numbers 15:32-36 describe stoning a man for gathering sticks on the Sabbath?
2. Does Deuteronomy 21:18-21 prescribe death for a 'stubborn and rebellious son'?
3. Does Deuteronomy 22:20-21 prescribe stoning for a bride with 'no proof of virginity'?
4. Do any of these require witness testimony or due process?

ISLAMIC LAW & PRINCIPLES:
5. Does Quran 2:179 say 'In Qisas (legal retribution) there is LIFE for you'?
6. Does Quran 24:4 require FOUR witnesses for adultery accusations?
7. Did Caliph Umar suspend theft punishment during famine?
8. Does Islamic legal tradition have a maxim: 'Avert punishments by doubts'?

OTTOMAN EMPIRE JUSTICE:
9. Could Ottoman citizens sue the Sultan in Shariah court? (Mehmed II case with Greek architect)
10. What was the Divan-ı Hümayun and could ordinary citizens petition it?
11. What was the Millet system—did non-Muslims have their own courts?
12. Could the Şeyhülislam veto the Sultan's decisions?
13. What does the Ottoman Mecelle (1869-1876) codify and how many articles?
14. Do Ottoman court records show hudud punishments were rare or common?

OTHER ISLAMIC EMPIRES:
15. Was Caliph Harun al-Rashid summoned to court by a Jewish merchant—and did he appear?
16. In Al-Andalus (Cordoba), did Muslims, Christians, and Jews have separate courts?
17. In Mughal India, what was Akbar's 'Sulh-i Kul' policy?
18. Did Saladin massacre Jerusalem's population in 1187, like the Crusaders did in 1099?

CHRISTIAN PRACTICE:
19. Did the Inquisition use torture? For how many centuries?
20. How many were executed in European witch trials?
21. How many prisoners does the US have today?

Cite the exact texts and historical sources for each answer.